Spiro Kostof (1936–91) was a professor of the History of Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the foremost architectural and urban historians of the twentieth century. His books include A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals (1987), The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History (1991), and The City Assembled: Elements of Urban Form through History (1992). His previously unpublished Mathews Lectures at Columbia University, New York, delivered in 1976, form the foundation of the middle section of this book.