Raphaël Lefèvre is a Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Ashes of Hama: the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria (2013). His PhD thesis was awarded the Best Dissertation Prize by the Syrian Studies Association as well as the Bill Gates Sr Prize. He was previously a Research Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's office in Beirut, where he published on Middle Eastern politics and Islamist movements.